Swords with Disc Pommels: History, Typology, and a Guide to Understanding Their Design and Balance

Why did a simple metal disc forever change the handling of the medieval sword? The disc pommel is not just an adornment: it is the invisible counterpart to the blade, the counterweight that transforms a steel bar into an agile extension of the hand. In this article, you will discover how the disc pommel originated, why blacksmiths chose it again and again, how it affects balance, and what you should know if you are interested in reproducing or understanding historical replicas.

What exactly is a disc pommel and why does it matter?

A pommel is the piece located at the end of the hilt, its primary function is to counterbalance the mass of the blade, moving the point of balance towards the hand. When we talk about a disc pommel, we refer to a circular and flattened shape, also called lenticular or wheel-shaped, which can be simple or richly decorated. Its compact profile and ability to concentrate weight on the axis of the hilt made it a recurring choice in European tradition.

Practical functions of the disc pommel

• Balance: Adjusts the center of gravity, facilitating precise cuts and thrusts.

• Counterweight: Allows the sword to respond quickly to changes in direction.

• Protection and finishing: In close combat, it can be used to strike; it also protects the tang and the end of the hilt.

• Symbolic and decorative value: Insignias, engravings, and enamels turned the pommel into an identifying element for the bearer.

The wheel and the disc: evolution of the pommel in the medieval sword

Insert this chronology to understand the long lifespan of the design: from its beginnings in medieval Europe until its consolidation in the 13th–15th centuries, the disc pommel accompanied the transformation of the sword into a cavalry weapon and into the tactically versatile piece we know today.

Era	Event
High Middle Ages (9th – 12th Centuries)
c. 9th–10th Centuries	Popularization and origin: swords with disc pommels (Viking-style swords) begin to gain prominence due to their functionality and aesthetics.
10th–11th Centuries	Latin influence and appearance of the wheel pommel: in Latin countries, the disc/lenticular or flat shape is documented; the wheel pommel becomes more frequent from the 11th century onwards.
c. 10th–12th Centuries	Norman-Viking swords: the wheel pommel is distinctive on swords from the Norman era.
c. 900–1130	Oakeshott Type X typology: late-Viking and transitional swords towards the knightly sword that often use disc pommels or associated forms (A, B, G, H, I, J, K, M).
c. 11th–13th Centuries	Cavalry swords: in the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula and other territories, the disc-shaped pommel becomes frequent; the Type H pommel appears widely between the 10th and 15th centuries.
High and Late Middle Ages (13th – 16th Centuries)
13th–15th Centuries	Predominance: the wheel/disc pommel predominates in medieval swords during the 13th to 15th centuries, especially in Latin chivalric contexts.
c. 1080–1350	Oakeshott Type XII typology: very common; could feature various types of pommels, with Type I (disc with wide bevelled edges) being frequent.
c. 1250–1350	Oakeshott Type XIII typology: hilts dated to the second half of the 13th century that often appear with disc-shaped pommels (Types D, E and I).
c. 1270–1340	Oakeshott Type XIV typology: in its short lifespan, these swords always feature wheel pommels; the most common is Type K, a wide and flat disc variant.
c. 14th–16th Centuries	Continuity and specialization: disc/wheel pommel forms (G, H, I, J, K) remained common in swords intended for both cutting and thrusting. Late typological examples: Type XV (c. 1330–1500) Type XX (c. 1350–1450) Type XVIII (c. 1400–1510) Type XXII (c. 1440–1570) — pommels F, G, H Type XXI (c. 1450–1560) Type XIX (c. 1450–1600)
Summary
Introduction and longevity	The disc/wheel pommel was introduced and popularized from the 9th–10th centuries and remained one of the predominant forms in Latin medieval swords during the 13th–15th centuries, with a wide typological diversity that persisted until the late medieval period.

Typology according to Oakeshott: where the disc pommel fits in

Ewart Oakeshott offered a classification that remains a reference. The letters (G, H, I, J, K, M…) describe not only the shape of the blade but also the configuration of the hilt and pommel. The disc pommel appears in many categories, adapting to different blade profiles and guards.

• Types G and H: discs with relatively flat or bevelled edges, common in cavalry swords.

• Type I: more robust disc, sometimes with a pronounced rim, useful for blades that require greater counterweight.

• Type K: wide and flat disc, characteristic of some examples from the Late Middle Ages.

Visual examples and how to recognize them

Identifying a disc pommel involves observing:

• Side profile: Is it flat, lenticular, or with a bevelled edge?

• Attachment: Riveted, threaded, or via a pass-through tang?

• Decoration: Engravings, enamels, or metal appliques that provide chronological context.

Materials, manufacturing techniques, and decoration

Materials and processes make the difference between a functional pommel, a faithful replica, and a purely decorative piece. Throughout history and in modern reproduction, various solutions are employed.

• Metals: Iron, steel, brass, and bronze are common. Iron and steel provide robustness; brass and bronze offer easy decoration and patina.

• Woods and organic materials: Wood, bone, ivory (historical), and composite materials are used for coverings or complete pommels in non-bellicose pieces.

• Modern groupings: Alloys and coatings (nickel-plated, blued) are applied to reproduce appearance without sacrificing resistance.

Material	Advantages	Disadvantages	Recommended Use
Forged steel	High resistance, balanced	Heavier, requires anticorrosion treatment	Functional replicas and historical reconstructions
Iron with coating	Historically plausible, economical	Rusts if not protected	Display pieces and light use
Brass/bronze	Easy to decorate, warm aesthetic	Softer, wears out	Decorative pommels and ornamental replicas
Coated wood	Light, comfortable to touch	Sensitive to humidity	Recreation and non-combat pieces
Modern materials (alloys, foam rubber)	Lightness, low cost	Less historical authenticity	Soft combat and safe recreation

How the disc pommel influences balance and handling

The pommel design determines the point of balance (PoB) and the feel in hand. A larger mass disc shifts the PoB towards the hilt, allowing for faster and more controlled maneuvers. A too-light pommel unbalances the sword towards the tip, which favors powerful cuts but penalizes recovery speed.

• Ideal point of balance: For most one-handed swords, it is usually located between 7 and 13 cm from the guard towards the blade; the pommel helps bring that center closer to the hand.

• Typical pommel weight: Historical pommels and functional replicas usually range between 170 and 225 grams, although there are exceptions depending on the blade design and intended use.

Practical test to adjust the pommel

If you have a replica or a restored sword, detect the PoB: rest the sword on a finger below the guard and measure the distance to the edge. If you feel the sword becomes slow to recover, consider adding mass to the pommel (inserts, larger disc). If the sword responds like a spring forward, reduce mass or use a smaller pommel.

Mounting and fastening systems: rivets, tang, and threads

The fastening of the pommel affects its practicality and authenticity. Historically, various methods were used:

• Pass-through tang and rivet: the tang goes through the hilt and is riveted into the pommel; a solid and traditional system.

• Plates and side rivets: common in lobed and Viking pommels, allowing partial disassembly.

• Modern threading: facilitates disassembly and maintenance, used in contemporary replicas.

Restoration and maintenance techniques for the disc pommel

Keeping a pommel in good condition preserves both its functionality and aesthetics. Practical recommendations vary according to the material:

• Metals: Cleaning with mineral oil or camellia oil to prevent corrosion; avoid strong abrasives that remove historical patinas.

• Wood and organic materials: Treatment with waxes or natural oils to prevent dryness and cracks.

• Decorations and enamels: Gentle cleaning with cloths and professional restorers in cases of valuable pieces.

Type of Oil	Main Characteristics	Recommended Use
Mineral oil	High penetration, does not degrade or attract dirt	Regular protection and maintenance
Camellia oil	Natural, acid-free, non-volatile	Antioxidant protection, lubrication
Lithium grease	Dense, durable, does not evaporate	Long-term storage, protection

Practical comparison: choosing a disc pommel according to use

The choice depends on whether you seek historical authenticity, functional recreation, or a decorative object. Below is a comparative table that summarizes the key criteria.

Criterion	Functional Replica	Decorative	Safe Recreation (soft combat)
Material	Steel/Iron	Brass/Wood	Light alloys/Foam rubber
Pommel weight	170–225 g	Light	Very light
Fastening system	Pass-through tang and rivet	Threaded or assembly	Threaded or secure rivets
Decoration	Contained, functional	Elaborate	Resistant and safe

Design aspects that make a difference

When reproducing or evaluating a disc pommel, consider details that may seem minor but define authenticity and use:

• Bevelled edge: a bevelled edge reduces impact points and adds style.

• Relief and engraving: heraldry, floral motifs, or inscriptions offer chronological clues.

• Diameter: very small discs provide less counterweight; wide and flat discs increase mass without excessive bulk.

Guide for manufacturers and artisans

For the artisan who intends to reproduce a historically coherent disc pommel, these steps are essential:

• Typological study: determine the Oakeshott typology and the reference era.

• Material selection: opt for steel for functionality, brass or bronze for aesthetics, wood for light pieces.

• Balance test: adjust mass and diameter until the PoB is within the desired range.

• Fastening: decide between a riveted pass-through tang or threading depending on the intended use and maintenance.

• Finishing: apply patinas, polishes, or protective coatings compatible with the material.

Clarifying unknowns about pommels and swords

What are the main differences between disc pommels and Brazil nut pommels?

The main differences between disc pommels and Brazil nut pommels are:

• Shape and design: Disc pommels have a circular and flat shape, similar to a disc, while Brazil nut pommels tend to have an elongated and larger shape, similar to the seed of the Brazil nut.
• Material and texture: Brazil nut pommels are generally made from the natural nut shell or material, so they have an organic texture and appearance, while disc pommels are usually made from metallic or plastic materials with a smooth or decorative finish.
• Usage and application: Disc pommels are common in furniture and doors where a minimalist and functional design is desired, while Brazil nut pommels are valued for a natural or rustic touch and are often used in handmade or decorative pieces.

These differences primarily reflect the form, materiality, and style between both types of pommels.

What materials are commonly used to make sword pommels?

The materials commonly used to make sword pommels are wood, metal (such as brass or bronze), ivory, and bone. These materials are chosen for both their aesthetic and practical function, as the pommel helps balance the sword and can serve as a secondary weapon in combat.

In addition, in more modern systems or in non-functional or decorative swords, materials such as foam rubber (a type of dense rubber) are also used to cover or manufacture lighter and impact-resistant pommels, especially in swords for recreation or soft combat.

How does the pommel’s design influence a sword’s balance?

The pommel’s design influences a sword’s balance primarily because its weight counteracts that of the blade, moving the point of balance towards the user’s hand. A heavier pommel brings the point of balance closer to the handle, facilitating easier handling and control of the sword with less effort. Therefore, by adjusting the pommel’s weight, the blade’s weight and shape can be compensated to achieve optimal balance for the desired use style.

A typical pommel usually weighs between 170 and 225 grams for most swords, balancing the sword at a point generally located between three and five inches above the guard. If the pommel is too heavy, it can affect the sword’s strength and cause problems like vibrations; if it is too light, the blade may feel heavy and difficult to handle. Thus, the design and weight of the pommel play a vital role in ensuring the sword is functional, maneuverable, and efficient in combat.

What types of swords usually have decorative pommels?

The types of swords that usually have decorative pommels are mainly decorative swords inspired by historical or legendary models, such as Templar knight swords, the Sword of the Holy Sepulchre, and swords based on historical figures like Godfrey of Bouillon. These decorative swords often feature pommels with symbolic shapes, such as Templar crosses or religious symbols, and elaborate designs that emphasize their ornamental value.

Furthermore, according to Oakeshott’s typology, decorative pommels can adopt various classic and stylized forms, such as Brazil nut-shaped pommels, flat discs or with bevelled edges, and variants with floral or shell-shaped adornments, used in European swords since the Middle Ages. These pommels not only fulfill a practical function but are also key elements in the weapon’s decoration and aesthetics.

In summary, medieval European swords (such as those of Templar knights or related to religious orders) and their decorative replicas are the ones that most commonly feature elaborate and symbolic decorative pommels. There are also different styles of pommels according to historical typology that serve to decorate different types of traditional European swords.

What is the history and origin of disc pommels on swords?

Disc pommels on swords originated from Viking swords, which in turn inherited elements from Celtic swords. These Viking swords featured a characteristic lobed pommel that was attached to the tang by an unconventional system with riveted plates, also facilitating the replacement of the pommel without shortening the hilt. Initially, pommels were simple counterweights in the form of a disc or sphere; their main function was to balance the sword. Over time, pommels evolved from basic forms to more elaborate designs, accompanying the evolution of hilts and medieval fencing techniques. Thus, the pommel also became a decorative and functional element within the hilt assembly. This evolution was consolidated in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, when hilts became more complex and protective for the hand without losing the pommel’s importance as a counterweight and replaceable element.

Practical aspects for the collector and enthusiast

If historical curiosity, reproduction, or re-enactment drives you, consider these points before deciding how to preserve or reproduce a disc pommel:

• Authenticity vs. functionality: Do you prefer an aesthetically exact replica or a piece that withstands intensive use?

• Maintenance: Different materials require different care; metal needs oiling, wood needs hydration.

• Safety in re-enactments: In re-enactment practices, prioritize pommels and finishes that do not present sharp edges or loose parts.

A well-designed and cared-for pommel is not only true to history but also enhances the handling experience and preserves the value of the piece.

When you examine a disc pommel, you are reading a small biography: its shape tells you about technique, its metal about the workshop where it was forged, its weight about the warrior who wielded it.

Take this knowledge as a compass: by analyzing a sword with a disc pommel, you will be able to place it in time and function, evaluate its balance, and appreciate the intention of the artisan who conceived it.

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